style-examples

Style Examples

toc =Lesson 1 & 2: Style & Correctness=

> > >
 * From summaries of Steven Roger Fischer's History of Reading, chapter 1**
 * Interminably, the process of reading was one of multiple steps that included matching a sound with a picture or symbol to create meaning.
 * Thus, the thirst for knowledge began. From this, people grew more competent and intelligent, and society grew and advanced at a quicker rate; and as a result, things such as tyranny soon took place.
 * "Complete writing" developed a unique criterion that, once formed, turned writing into a vital way of keeping information.
 * Complete writing, therefore, suggests inscribed symbolic figures that both relate back to, and formulate, human speech.

=Lesson 3: Actions=

See examples from summaries of Fischer's //History// in Lesson 1 & 2 examples above.

=Lesson 4: Characters=

See examples from summaries of Fischer's //History// in Lesson 1 & 2 examples above.


 * Found by Ryan Jerving,** from "Facing Up to Flu," a staff editorial in //Nature// 482, no. 131 (09 February 2012; doi:10.1038/482131a), pars. 1-2.

> Amid the scientific controversy over lab-created strains of the H5N1 avian influenza virus that can skip between mammals, it is easy to lose sight of an important public-health question: what will help the wider world to prepare for a flu pandemic? The question is crucial, because when it comes to setting priorities, the fuss over how to regulate the controversial research must not be allowed to distract from a much bigger concern. The world is ill-prepared for a severe flu pandemic of any type. In particular, it cannot yet produce enough vaccine to protect more than just a small proportion of people. > > The problem was demonstrated by the 2009 pandemic of H1N1 flu. Vaccines only became available months after the outbreak began, and after the first wave had peaked in many countries. Health systems were stretched despite the relative mildness of the pandemic. The mutant-flu research does nothing to prevent a repeat of this situation.


 * Found by Sarah Kikkert,** from her own essay written in response to a first-year writing class prompt:

> A similar case of online disaster followed when a young woman refused to pick up her dog’s feces on a public bus. Although the woman may have committed a public faux-pas, the avalanche of unnecessary unleashing of technology was certainly uncalled for. Whereas an exercising of the “free speech” clause could have been effectively used in this situation by onlookers, they took pictures instead, plastering them all over the internet as though the woman was a criminal of a far more serious crime. Worse yet, her family became involved—a definite violation of personal privacy. For this occasion, the line between privacy and free speech should have been drawn when making the story much larger than it actually was by posting the pictures online. Was it really that important for the entire world to become involved, and one woman’s life nearly ruined, for the small amount of anger a few people felt when the woman refused to clean up after her pet? Hardly.

=Lesson 5: Cohesion and Coherence=

Cohesion
For want of a nail the shoe was lost. For want of a shoe the horse was lost. For want of a horse the rider was lost. For want of a rider the battle was lost. For want of a battle the kingdom was lost. And all for the want of a horseshoe nail.
 * "For Want of a Nail"**

Coherence
I know an old lady who swallowed a cow. I don't know how she swallowed a cow. She swallowed the cow to catch the goat. She swallowed the goat to catch the dog. She swallowed the dog to catch the cat. She swallowed the cat to catch the rat. She swallowed the rat to catch the bird. She swallowed the bird to catch the spider that wriggled and jiggled and tickled inside her. She swallowed the spider to catch the fly. I don't know why she swallowed the fly. Perhaps she'll die.
 * "I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly" (last verse)**

=Lesson 10: Motivating Coherence=

Post examples below here:


 * By Ryan Jerving**

From Kalina Christoff, et. al., "Experience Sampling during fMRI Reveals Default Network and Executive System Contributions to Mind Wandering," //Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America// 106, no. 21 (May 26, 2009): 8719–8724; reprinted online at []:

> > When unoccupied by external demands, the human mind often works with particular rigor. **Indeed, one of the most intriguing neuroscientific findings of the past decade** has been the observation that certain regions of the brain become increasingly recruited with decreasing external task demands. This group of brain regions **has collectively been termed** the “default network” (1–3), and includes, most prominently, the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus region, and the temporoparietal junction. > > > The mental processes that keep the brain so busy when it is not occupied by external demands **have been a source of significant theoretical conjecture**. **A particularly prominent view** is that default network recruitment reflects internally focused thought (2, 3) that can occur in the form of mind wandering (4–6) if it takes place simultaneously with, and yet is unrelated to an ongoing task. **Indirect support for this view** comes from neuroimaging **studies (6–8), demonstrating correlations** between reported frequency of task-unrelated thoughts and default network activation during conditions of low cognitive demand, as well as stronger default network activation during highly practiced compared with novel tasks in people with higher propensity for mind wandering (6).
 * PRELUDE / SHARED CONTEXT (for neuroscience discipline in general)**
 * SHARED CONTEXT (for topic of article in particular)**


 * PROBLEMATIC CONDITION (SMALL QUESTION)**

> **However,** neuroimaging studies **so far have inferred** mind wandering **only indirectly**, by varying task demands to influence the probability of task-unrelated thoughts and collecting mind wandering reports during a separate session outside the scanner.


 * COST OF THE PROBLEMATIC CONDITION (its "intolerable consequences")**

> Because there were no online measures of mind wandering taken during scanning, **it is possible that the observed** default network recruitment **could be due to factors other than** mind wandering. In this vein, Gilbert et al. (9) recently argued that instead of mind wandering, activations in the medial PFC part of the default network may reflect stimulus-related thought such as enhanced watchfulness toward the external environment that is also likely to occur during highly practiced tasks.


 * PROPOSED SOLUTION (and its benefits)**

> **A key objective of the present study was to provide** a direct empirical test for the hypothesis that default network recruitment, including medial PFC regions, occurs during the precise moments when the mind wanders away from the task at hand. **To this end, we introduced the method of** experience sampling (10, 11) to fMRI research on mind wandering. Experience sampling involves intermittently probing individuals to provide self-reports about their current mental state; thus, **enabling** online assessment of momentary changes in the contents of consciousness. By collecting self-reports in an online fashion during scanning while keeping cognitive demands constant, and by examining differences in neural recruitment immediately before self-reports of being off versus on task, **the present study was well positioned to overcome some of the limitations that have prevented previous research from drawing conclusive inferences about** the role of the default network in mind wandering. **To provide additional corroborative evidence** for these self-reports, they were collected while participants performed a sustained attention to response task (SART) (12), during which performance errors have been linked to mind wandering (12–17). This procedure **allowed us to assess** the convergence in brain activations between behavioral and subjective indices of mind wandering.